How can i compute these huge congruences??

it about to find a such that
1422^937 = a (mod 2536)
Next we compute 1422937 = 614 (mod 2537) = 1384937 = 1403 (mod 2537) 1828937 = 1120 (mod 2537) 2117937 = 210 (mod 2537) Using the above code we obtain the message GOOD LUCK.

The double integral of f(x, y) = 55xy over the domain D is to be computed. D is bounded by x = y and x = y².

The double integral represents the integral of a function of two variables over a region in a two-dimensional plane.

The most fundamental tool for finding volumes under surfaces or areas on surfaces in three-dimensional space is the double integral.

The formula for computing double integral over a region of integration can be written as:

∬f(x,y)dA, where f(x,y) is the integrand,

dA is the area element, and

D is the region of integration of the variables x and y.

In the present problem, f(x,y) = 55xy and D is bounded by x = y and x = y².

Thus the double integral is given by ∬D55xydA.

It can be written as:

∬D55xydA = ∫0¹dx ∫[tex]\sqrt{x}[/tex]xdy

55xy = 55 * ∫0¹dx ∫[tex]\sqrt{x}[/tex] xdy xy

∬D55xydA = 55 * ∫0¹dx ∫[tex]\sqrt{x}[/tex]xdy xy

Now,

∫x^(1/2)xdy = xy|_([tex]\sqrt{x}[/tex], x)

                 = x(x) - [tex]\sqrt{x}[/tex] x∫x^(1/2)xdy

                 = x² - [tex]x^{\frac{3}{2} }[/tex]

Thus,∬D55xydA = 55 * ∫0¹dx ∫[tex]\sqrt{x}[/tex]xdy xy

∬D55xydA = 55 * ∫0¹dx (x² - [tex]x^{\frac{3}{2} }[/tex])

∬D55xydA = 55 * [x³/3 - (2/5)[tex]x^{\frac{5}{2} }[/tex]]|

0¹ = 55(1/3 - 0) - 55(0 - 0)

    = 55/3.

Therefore, the value of the double integral of f(x, y) = 55xy over the domain D, bounded by x = y and x = y²,  is 55/3.

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result1 = limit(expr1, x, t); and, result2 = limit(expr2, v, -2);

The expressions provided will be assessed and the resulting limits will be designated as 'result1' and 'result2'.

Here,

It seems like you're asking for help evaluating limits using MATLAB. Unfortunately, I cannot directly run MATLAB code, but I can help you with the commands you need to use. Here's how to evaluate the given expressions:

1. For the first limit: `lim(sin(2×x-4)×((1+1)×x-55)×29×((t+1)×x²+9×x-81), x, t)`

Replace `t` with `65` and use `limit` function in MATLAB.

```MATLAB

syms x;

t = 65;

expr1 = sin(2×x-4)×((1+1)×x-55)×29×((t+1)×x²+9×x-81

result1 = limit(expr1, x, t);

```

2. For the second limit: `lim(((T +1) * cos(2*v - 1) + 2 * [tex]e^{4(v^{2}+3v-{5} }[/tex], v, -2)`

Replace `T` with `65` and use `limit` function in MATLAB.

```MATLAB

syms v;

T = 65;

expr2 = ((T + 1) * cos(2 * v - 1) + 2  * [tex]e^{4(v^{2}+3v-{5} }[/tex];

result2 = limit(expr2, v, -2);

```

The results, `result1` and `result2`, will be the evaluated limits for the expressions given.

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The statement "If f'(x) < 0 for 1 < x < 5, then f is decreasing on (1,5)" is true. The answers are:

(a) Interval of increasing: (DNE)

(b) Interval of decreasing: (-∞, ∞)

(c) Local minimum value: -128

Local maximum value: DNE (Does Not Exist)


To determine the intervals on which the function f(x) = 2x³ - 6x² - 48x is increasing and decreasing, we need to analyze the sign of its derivative, f'(x).

Taking the derivative of f(x), we get f'(x) = 6x² - 12x - 48. To find the intervals of increasing and decreasing, we need to solve the inequality f'(x) > 0 for increasing and f'(x) < 0 for decreasing.

(a) The interval on which f is increasing is given by (DNE) since f'(x) > 0 does not hold for any interval.

(b) The interval on which f is decreasing is given by (-∞, ∞) since f'(x) < 0 for all values of x.

(c) To find the local minimum and maximum values, we need to locate the critical points. Setting f'(x) = 0 and solving for x, we find the critical point x = 4. Substituting this value into f(x), we get f(4) = -128, which is the local minimum value. As there are no other critical points, there is no local maximum value.

Therefore, the answers are:

(a) Interval of increasing: (DNE)

(b) Interval of decreasing: (-∞, ∞)

(c) Local minimum value: -128

Local maximum value: DNE (Does Not Exist)


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To prove the properties of inequalities for arithmetic mean and geometric mean, we will use the following properties:

Property 1: If a < b, then a + c < b + c for any real number c.

Property 2: If a < b and c > 0, then ac < bc.

Proof for Arithmetic Mean [tex]\frac{{a + b}}{2} \geq \sqrt{ab}[/tex]:

Step 1: Start with the arithmetic mean [tex]\frac{{a + b}}{2}[/tex].

Step 2: Square both sides of the inequality to remove the square root: [tex]\left(\frac{{a + b}}{2}\right)^2 \geq ab[/tex].

Step 3: Expand the left side: [tex]\frac{{a^2 + 2ab + b^2}}{4} \geq ab[/tex].

Step 4: Multiply both sides by 4 to eliminate the denominator: [tex]\frac{{a^2 + 2ab + b^2}}{4}[/tex].

Step 5: Rearrange the terms: [tex]a^2 - 2ab + b^2[/tex] ≥ 0.

Step 6: Factor the left side: [tex](a - b)^2[/tex] ≥ 0.

Step 7: Since a square is always greater than or equal to 0, the inequality is true.

Therefore, the inequality [tex]\frac{{a + b}}{2} \geq \sqrt{ab}[/tex] holds.

Proof for Geometric Mean [tex]\sqrt{ab} \geq \frac{{2ab}}{{a + b}}[/tex]:

Step 1: Start with the geometric mean [tex]\sqrt {ab}[/tex].

Step 2: Square both sides of the inequality to eliminate the square root: [tex]ab \geq \frac{{4a^2b^2}}{{(a + b)^2}}[/tex]

Step 3: Multiply both sides by [tex](a + b)^2[/tex] to eliminate the denominator: [tex]ab(a + b)^2 \geq 4a^2b^2[/tex].

Step 4: Expand the left side: [tex]a^3b + 2a^2b^2 + ab^3 \geq 4a^2b^2[/tex].

Step 5: Subtract [tex]4a^2b^2[/tex] from both sides: [tex]a^3b + ab^3 - 2a^2b^2[/tex] ≥ 0.

Step 6: Factor out ab: [tex]ab(a^2 + b^2 - 2ab)[/tex] ≥ 0.

Step 7: Since a square is always greater than or equal to 0, and (a - b)^2 is the difference of squares, [tex](a - b)^2[/tex] ≥ 0.

Therefore, the inequality [tex]\sqrt{ab} \leq \frac{{2ab}}{{a + b}}[/tex] holds.

The correct answers are:

For the arithmetic mean: [tex]\frac{{a + b}}{2} \geq \sqrt{ab}[/tex]

For the geometric mean: [tex]\sqrt{ab} \geq \frac{{2ab}}{{a + b}}[/tex]

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To approximate the integral 2∫1 e^(-x^2) dx using Simpson's Rule with h = 1/4, we divide the interval [1, 2] into subintervals of length h and use the Simpson's Rule formula.

The result is an approximation for the integral. To find an upper bound for the error, we can use the error formula for Simpson's Rule. By evaluating the fourth derivative of the function over the interval [1, 2] and applying the error formula, we can determine an upper bound for the error.To apply Simpson's Rule, we divide the interval [1, 2] into subintervals of length h = 1/4. We have five equally spaced points: x₀ = 1, x₁ = 1.25, x₂ = 1.5, x₃ = 1.75, and x₄ = 2. Using the Simpson's Rule formula:

2∫1 e^(-x^2) dx ≈ h/3 * [f(x₀) + 4f(x₁) + 2f(x₂) + 4f(x₃) + f(x₄)],

where f(x) = e^(-x^2).

By substituting the x-values into the function and applying the formula, we can calculate the approximation for the integral.

To find an upper bound for the error, we can use the error formula for Simpson's Rule:

Error ≤ ((b - a) * h^4 * M) / 180,

where a and b are the endpoints of the interval, h is the length of each subinterval, and M is the maximum value of the fourth derivative of the function over the interval [a, b]. By evaluating the fourth derivative of e^(-x^2) and finding its maximum value over the interval [1, 2], we can determine an upper bound for the error.

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Since e^(-t)→0 as t→00, it follows that the term containing C converges to 0. So the solutions of the differential equation as t→00 are either periodic functions of t (with a period of π), or they approach zero.

Part 1:(3 pts) Find an integrating factor that turns the following equation into exact and solve the IVP:

(2xy^3 + y)dx - (xy^3 - 2)dy = 0, y(0) = 1

The given differential equation is (2xy^3 + y)dx - (xy^3 - 2)dy = 0  

∵    To make the given equation exact, we need to multiply a factor µ(x, y) such that:

µ(x, y)[2xy³ + y]dx − µ(x, y)[xy³ − 2]dy = 0∴ µ(x, y)[2xy³ + y]dx − µ(x, y)[xy³ − 2]dy = 0 ------(1)

Now, we have to find µ(x, y) such that the equation (1) becomes exact. For that, we apply the following rule:

µ(x, y) = e^∫(My − Nx) / Nx dx where M = 2xy³ + y and N = xy³ − 2µ(x, y)

= e^∫(xy³ − 2 − (2xy³ + y)) / (xy³ − 2) dxµ(x, y)

= e^∫(-y − xy³) / (xy³ − 2) dxµ(x, y)

= e^-∫(y + xy³) / (xy³ − 2) dxµ(x, y)

= e^-ln(xy³ − 2 − 1/2 y²)µ(x, y)

= (xy³ − 2 − 1/2 y²)^-1

Now, we multiply the given differential equation by

(xy³ − 2 − 1/2 y²)^-1.(2xy^3 + y)/(xy^3 - 2 - 1/2y²) dx - 1 dy

= 0Let M(x, y) = (2xy³ + y)/(xy³ − 2 − 1/2 y²)and

N(x, y) = −1.∂M/∂y =

(2 − 3xy² (xy³ − 2 − 1/2 y²)^−2∂N/∂x

= 0

For the equation to be exact, ∂M/∂y = ∂N/∂x(2 − 3xy²)/(xy³ − 2 − 1/2 y²)

= 0∴ y = ±√2/3

∴ Putting y = +√2/3 in the equation, we get M(x, √2/3) = 1

∴ Required integrating factor is

(2xy^3 + y)/(xy^3 - 2 - 1/2y²) µ(x, y) = (xy³ − 2 − 1/2 y²)^-1= (xy³ − 2 − 1/2 (1)²)^-1

= (xy³ - 3/2)^-1

Multiplying the given differential equation by µ(x, y), we have(2xy^3 + y)/(xy^3 - 2 - 1/2y²) dx - 1 dy = 0

⇒ d/dx(∫Mdx) + C = ∫(∂M/∂y − ∂N/∂x) dy

= ∫[6xy^2 / (2xy^3 + y)]dy

= ∫[6xdy / (2xy^3 + y)]

∴ Required Solution is(2xy^3 + y)ln|xy^3 - 2 - 1/2y^2| + C = 3ln|xy^3 - 2 - 1/2y^2| + 2ln|y| + C = 0⇒ ln|xy^3 - 2 - 1/2y^2|^3 + ln|y|^2 = C⇒ ln|xy^3 - 2 - 1/2y^2|^3 . |y|^2 = Ce.

Hence the solution is ln|xy^3 - 2 - 1/2y^2|^3 . |y|^2 = CePart 2:(4 pts)

Find the general solution of the given differential equation and use it to determine how solutions behave as t→00.y'+y= 5 sin (2t)

The given differential equation is y' + y = 5 sin (2t)The general solution of the differential equation isy = Ce^(-t) + (5/17)sin (2t) + (10/17)cos (2t)

To determine how the solutions behave as t→00, consider the coefficient of exponential term C e^(-t)in the general solution.

Since e^(-t)→0 as t→00, it follows that the term containing C converges to 0. So the solutions of the differential equation as t→00 are either periodic functions of t (with a period of π), or they approach zero.

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The general solution to the differential equation y'' + 2y' + 5y = 2e *cos2x ' using Reduction of Order

We can start by assuming a second solution to the homogeneous equation y'' + 2y' + 5y = 0.

Since one solution to the equation is already known as y1, we can express the second solution, y2, as follows:

y2(x) = v(x)y1(x).

Thus, we get y2' = v' y1 + vy1' and y2'' = v'' y1 + 2v'y1' + vy1''.

Now we will use this expression to find the general solution to the given differential equation:

Given differential equation: y'' + 2y' + 5y = 2e *cos2x '

The homogeneous equation is y'' + 2y' + 5y = 0, whose characteristic equation is r^2 + 2r + 5 = 0.

Solving the characteristic equation, we get r = -1 ± 2i.

Substituting the roots back into the characteristic equation, we get the following solutions:

[tex]y1 = e^(-x)cos(2x)[/tex]and

[tex]y2 = e^(-x)sin(2x).[/tex]

So, the general solution to the homogeneous equation is given by:

[tex]y_h = c1e^(-x)cos(2x) + c2e^(-x)sin(2x).[/tex]

Now, using the Reduction of Order method, we can find a particular solution to the non-homogeneous equation using the formula:y_p = u(x)y1(x), where u(x) is an unknown function we need to determine and y1(x) is the known solution to the homogeneous equation, which we already found to be[tex]y1(x) = e^(-x)cos(2x).[/tex]

Differentiating, we get[tex]y1' = -e^(-x)cos(2x) + 2e^(-x)sin(2x),[/tex]and [tex]y1'' = 4e^(-x)cos(2x).[/tex]

Substituting these values in the differential equation, we get the following:

[tex]y'' + 2y' + 5y = 2e^(-x)cos(2x).[/tex]

Substituting y_p and y1 into this equation, we get the following:

[tex]4u'cos(2x) + 4u(-sin(2x)) + 2(-u'cos(2x) + 2usin(2x)) + 5u(cos(2x)) = 2e^(-x)cos(2x)[/tex]

Simplifying and collecting like terms, we get:

[tex]u''cos(2x) + 3u'(-sin(2x)) + u(cos(2x)) = e^(-x)[/tex]

Dividing throughout by cos(2x) and simplifying, we get the following:

[tex]u'' + 3u'(-tan(2x)) + u = e^(-x)sec(2x)[/tex]

The characteristic equation of this equation is[tex]r^2 + 3rtan(2x) + 1 = 0.[/tex]

Substituting this into the formula for the particular solution, we get the following:

[tex]y_p(x) = e^(-x)cos(2x)(c1 + c2 int e^(x*tan(2x))) + e^(-x)sin(2x)(c3 + c4 int e^(x*tan(2x)))[/tex]

The general solution to the non-homogeneous equation is thus given by:

[tex]y(x) = y_h(x) + y_p(x)[/tex]

[tex]= c1e^(-x)cos(2x) + c2e^(-x)sin(2x) + e^(-x)cos(2x)(c3 + c4 int e^(x*tan(2x))) + e^(-x)sin(2x)(c5 + c6 int e^(x*tan(2x)))[/tex]

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This is the derived equation after differentiating the Laguerre polynomial generating function k times with respect to x = [(-z/(1-z))²× e²(-xz/(1-z)) + (k+1)!] / (1-z)²(k+1)².

The equation by differentiating the Laguerre polynomial generating function k times with respect to x, by differentiating the generating function once.

The Laguerre polynomial generating function is given by:

∑ Lk(x)zn = e²(-xz/(1-z)) / (1-z)²(k+1)

Differentiating once with respect to x,

d/dx [∑ Lk(x)zn] = d/dx [e²(-xz/(1-z)) / (1-z)²(k+1)]

Using the quotient rule, differentiate the right-hand side of the equation:

= [(1-z)²(k+1) × d/dx(e²(-xz/(1-z))) - e²(-xz/(1-z)) × d/dx((1-z)²(k+1))] / (1-z)²(k+1)²

To differentiate the individual terms on the right-hand side.

differentiate d/dx(e²(-xz/(1-z))):

Using the chain rule,

d/dx(e²(-xz/(1-z))) = -(z/(1-z)) × e²(-xz/(1-z))

differentiate d/dx((1-z)²(k+1)):

Using the chain rule and the power rule,

d/dx((1-z)²(k+1)) = (k+1) × (1-z)²k × (-1)

Simplifying the expression,

= [-z/(1-z) × e²(-xz/(1-z)) + (k+1) × (1-z)²k] / (1-z)²(k+1)²

This is the result of differentiating the generating function once.

To derive the equation by differentiating k times repeat this process k times, each time differentiating the resulting expression with respect to x. Each differentiation will introduce an additional factor of (1-z)²k.

After differentiating k times,

= ∑ Lk(x)zn = [(-z/(1-z))²k × e²(-xz/(1-z)) + (k+1) × (k) × ... × (2) ×(1-z)²0] / (1-z)²(k+1)²

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The cost for Marcus to buy the cement is $x.

To calculate the cost of the cement, we need to determine the volume of concrete required and then convert it to cubic yards. The volume of the patio can be calculated by multiplying its length, width, and thickness: 21 feet * 9 feet * (3 inches / 12) feet = 63 cubic feet.

Next, we convert the volume to cubic yards by dividing it by 27 (since there are 27 cubic feet in a cubic yard): 63 cubic feet / 27 = 2.333 cubic yards.

Since it takes four sacks to mix 1 cubic yard of concrete, the total number of sacks required is 2.333 cubic yards * 4 sacks/cubic yard = 9.332 sacks.

Finally, we multiply the number of sacks by the cost per sack: 9.332 sacks * $5.80/sack = $53.99.

Therefore, it will cost Marcus approximately $53.99 to buy the cement.

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The correct deductions for Larren Buffett's paycheck are as follows: Social Security taxes: $317.68, Medicare taxes: $59.45, and Federal Income Tax withholding: $475.90.

Larren Buffett, who is paid a weekly salary of $4,100, is concerned about the accuracy of her deductions for Social Security, Medicare, and Federal Income Tax withholding (FIT). To determine the correct deductions, we need to consider her marital status, number of claimed deductions, and prior earnings. According to the information provided, Larren claims 3 deductions and has total earnings of $128,245. For Social Security, the rate of 6.2% applies to a maximum of $128,400, resulting in a deduction of $317.68. Medicare tax, calculated at 1.45%, amounts to $59.45. As for FIT, further details are not provided, so we cannot determine the exact amount without additional information.

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Given that we need to evaluate the given expression `√2(cos20+isin2020)` and express the result in standard form, we get `e2i20°`.

We can solve the above problem in the following manner; First, we can simplify the given expression by using the identity cosθ+i sinθ=eiθ

Thus, `√2(cos20+isin2020)=√2ei(20°)`

Now, we can convert the given expression in standard form. We can do that by multiplying the numerator and the denominator by the conjugate of the denominator, which is

√2ei(-20°).`(√2ei(20°) )/( √2ei(-20°) ) = (√2ei(20°) * √2ei(20°)) / ( √2 * √2ei(-20°))= 2 * e2i20°/2= e2i20°

The final answer is `e2i20°` which is in standard form since it is in the form of `a+bi` where a and b are real numbers.

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To find the probability that the calculator will function correctly, we need to calculate the probability that the total voltage falls within the range of 2.70-3.30 V.

Let X1 and X2 be the voltages of the two batteries. Since they are independent and normally distributed, the sum of their voltages follows a normal distribution as well.

The mean of the sum is μ1 + μ2 = 1.5 + 1.5 = 3 V.

The variance of the sum is σ1^2 + σ2^2 = 0.45 + 0.45 = 0.9.

The standard deviation of the sum is the square root of the variance, which is √0.9 ≈ 0.949 V.

To calculate the probability, we need to standardize the range of 2.70-3.30 V using the mean and standard deviation:

Z1 = (2.70 - 3) / 0.949 ≈ -0.314

Z2 = (3.30 - 3) / 0.949 ≈ 0.314

Using the standard normal distribution table or a calculator, we can find the cumulative probabilities associated with Z1 and Z2:

P(Z < -0.314) ≈ 0.3781

P(Z < 0.314) ≈ 0.6281

The probability that the calculator will function correctly is the difference between these two probabilities:

P(2.70 ≤ X1 + X2 ≤ 3.30) ≈ 0.6281 - 0.3781 = 0.25

Therefore, there is a 25% probability that the calculator will function correctly.

The probability that X > 9 can be expressed as 1 - F(9), where F(x) is the distribution function of X. This probability represents the complement of the cumulative probability up to x = 9.

P(X > 9) = 1 - F(9)

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In the given model Y₁ = Bo + B₁ Xi + Ui, where Ui = B₂Zi is an unobserved term, we are provided with the information that Var(X₂) = 1, Cov(Xi, Zi) = -0.75, and OLS estimate of B₁ = 1. We are tasked with estimating the standard error of the OLS estimate of B₁.

To estimate the standard error of the OLS estimate of B₁, we need to calculate the square root of the variance of B₁. The variance of B₁ can be computed as the product of the squared standard error of the estimate and the variance of the underlying variable Xi.

Given that Var(X₂) = 1, we know the variance of X₂. However, to estimate the variance of Xi, we need to use the information about Cov(Xi, Zi) = -0.75. The covariance between Xi and Zi is given by Cov(Xi, Zi) = Var(Xi) * Var(Zi) * ρ, where ρ is the correlation coefficient between Xi and Zi. Rearranging the equation, we can solve for Var(Xi) as Cov(Xi, Zi) / (Var(Zi) * ρ).

In this case, the Cov(Xi, Zi) = -0.75 and Var(Zi) = 1, but the correlation coefficient ρ is not provided. Without the value of ρ, we cannot accurately estimate Var(Xi) or compute the standard error of the OLS estimate of B₁.

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The two linearly independent solutions of the given differential equation are:

Y₁ = 1 - 3x²

Y₂ = x - 3bx²

What is Power series method?

The power series method is a technique used to find solutions to differential equations by representing the unknown function as a power series. It involves assuming that the solution can be expressed as an infinite sum of terms with increasing powers of the independent variable.

To find two linearly independent solutions of the given differential equation y" + 6xy = 0, we can use the power series method and assume that the solutions have the form:

Y₁ = 1 + a²x³ + açx² + ...

Y₂ = x + b₁x² + bṛx³ + ...

Let's find the coefficients by substituting these series into the differential equation and equating coefficients of like powers of x.

For Y₁:

Y₁" = 6a²x + 2aç + ...

6xy₁ = 6ax + 6a²x⁴ + 6açx³ + ...

Substituting these into the differential equation:

(6a²x + 2aç + ...) + 6x(1 + a²x³ + açx² + ...) = 0

Equating coefficients of like powers of x:

Coefficient of x³: 6a² + 6a² = 0

Coefficient of x²: 2aç + 6a = 0

Solving these equations simultaneously, we get:

6a² = 0 => a = 0

2aç + 6a = 0 => 2aç = -6a => ç = -3

Therefore, the coefficients for Y₁ are: a = 0 and ç = -3.

For Y₂:

Y₂" = 6bx + 2bṛ + ...

6xy₂ = 6bx² + 6bṛx³ + ...

Substituting these into the differential equation:

(6bx + 2bṛ + ...) + 6x(x + b₁x² + bṛx³ + ...) = 0

Equating coefficients of like powers of x:

Coefficient of x³: 6bṛ = 0 => bṛ = 0

Coefficient of x²: 6b + 2b₁ = 0

Solving this equation, we get:

6b + 2b₁ = 0 => b₁ = -3b

Therefore, the coefficients for Y₂ are: bṛ = 0 and b₁ = -3b.

In summary, the two linearly independent solutions of the given differential equation are:

Y₁ = 1 - 3x²

Y₂ = x - 3bx²

Please note that the given problem did not provide specific values for α, b₄, and b₇, so these coefficients cannot be determined.

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The equilibrium points are the points where the two functions intersect, therefore to find all the equilibrium points, we need to solve for when x' and y are zero. The solution is given below:Equilibrium points: (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 2), (−1, 1)b) Linearize the system around each equilibrium point and determine their stability.

Linearization of a nonlinear system is the process of approximating a nonlinear system at a particular operating point by a linear system. In this case, we use the Jacobian matrix to calculate the linearization. The linearized system accurately describes the local behavior near the equilibrium points for (0, 2) and (−1, 1). However, for (0, 0) and (1, 0), the linearization is not informative and does not describe the local behavior.d) Sketch the x- and y- nullclines. Locate the equilibrium points and sketch the phase portrait to describe the global behavior. Nullclines are the lines where the vector field is horizontal or vertical, and hence the vector field is tangent to these lines.  Then the nullclines are given by y = x(1 − x) and y = 2 − y − 3x respectively. We can use these to sketch the nullclines as shown below Nullclines and equilibrium points:Now we can sketch the phase portrait by considering the signs of x' and y' in each quadrant.

The global behavior of the system has two equilibrium points (0, 2) and (−1, 1) which are both sinks, and two saddle points (0, 0) and (1, 0). The separatrices separate the phase plane into four regions. In regions I and III, all solutions approach the equilibrium point (−1, 1). In regions II and IV, all solutions approach the equilibrium point (0, 2).

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The problem involves calculating the probability of the intersection of events A and B₁, given the probabilities of events A₁, A₂, B, and B₁. The values provided are P(A₁) = 0.2, P(B | A₁) = 0.7, and P(B₁ ∩ A₂) = 0.6. We need to find the probability P(A ∩ B₁).

To find the probability P(A ∩ B₁), we can use the formula:

P(A ∩ B₁) = P(B₁ | A) * P(A)

Given that A₁ and A₂ are complements, we have:

P(A₁) + P(A₂) = 1

Therefore, P(A₂) = 1 - P(A₁) = 1 - 0.2 = 0.8.

Now, we can use the given information to calculate P(A ∩ B₁).

P(B₁ ∩ A₂) = P(B₁ | A₂) * P(A₂)

0.6 = P(B₁ | A₂) * 0.8

From this equation, we can find P(B₁ | A₂):

P(B₁ | A₂) = 0.6 / 0.8 = 0.75.

Next, we can use the provided value to calculate P(B | A₁):

P(B | A₁) = 0.7.

Finally, we can calculate P(A ∩ B₁):

P(A ∩ B₁) = P(B₁ | A) * P(A)

= P(B₁ | A₁) * P(A₁)

= 0.75 * 0.2

= 0.15.

Therefore, the probability of P(A ∩ B₁) is 0.15.

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The correlation coefficient for the bivariate data with X variable representing the road distance and Y representing the linear distance is option a) 0.589.

To find the correlation coefficient for the given data, we need to follow these steps:

Step 1: Calculate the sum of all the values of X and Y.

Sum of X values = 16 + 27 + 24 = 67

Sum of Y values = 18 + 16 + 23 + 20 + 20 + 21 + 15 = 133

Step 2: Calculate the sum of squares of all the values of X and Y.

Sum of squares of X values = 16² + 27² + 24² = 1873

Sum of squares of Y values = 18² + 16² + 23² + 20² + 20² + 21² + 15² = 2155

Step 3: Calculate the product of each X and Y value and add them.

Product of X and Y for the given data = (16)(18) + (27)(16) + (24)(23) + (18)(20) + (16)(20) + (23)(21) + (15)(20) = 2949

Step 4: Calculate the correlation coefficient using the formula:

r = [nΣXY - (ΣX)(ΣY)] / [√nΣX² - (ΣX)²][√nΣY² - (ΣY)²]

= [7(2949) - (67)(133)] / [√(7)(1873) - (67)²][√(7)(2155) - (133)²]

= 0.589 (approx)

Therefore, the correlation coefficient for the bivariate data with X variable representing the road distance and Y representing the linear distance is 0.589. Hence, option (a) is correct.

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The series in question is: ∑ (1) from n = 1 to infinity, where (1) represents a constant term of 1.

Since the terms of the series are all equal to 1, we can observe that the series is a divergent series because the terms do not tend to zero.

To further analyze the divergence of the series, we can use the Divergence Test, which states that if the terms of a series do not approach zero, then the series is divergent.

In this case, the terms of the series are constant and do not approach zero. Therefore, by the Divergence Test, we can conclude that the series is divergent.

The series ∑ (1) from n = 1 to infinity is a divergent series.

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(a) Yoko's monthly payment for the loan is approximately $283.54. (b) The total amount she will repay is approximately $17,012.48. (c) The total amount of interest she will pay is approximately $2,012.48.

(a) The monthly payment for Yoko's loan can be calculated using the formula for an amortized loan. The formula is:

[tex]PMT = (P * r * (1 + r)^n) / ((1 + r)^n - 1)[/tex]

where PMT is the monthly payment, P is the principal amount of the loan, r is the monthly interest rate, and n is the total number of payments.

In this case, Yoko borrowed $15,000 at an interest rate of 5.5% per year, which is equivalent to a monthly interest rate of 5.5% / 12. The loan term is 5 years, so the total number of payments is [tex]5 * 12 = 60[/tex].

Plugging these values into the formula, we can calculate Yoko's monthly payment.

(b) If Yoko pays the monthly payment each month for the full term of 5 years (60 months), her total amount to repay the loan is the monthly payment multiplied by the number of payments, which is 60 in this case.

(c) The total amount of interest Yoko will pay can be calculated by subtracting the principal amount from the total amount to repay the loan. The principal amount is $15,000, and the total amount to repay the loan is the monthly payment multiplied by the number of payments, as calculated in part (b). Subtracting the principal from the total amount gives us the total interest paid over the loan term.

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The question asks whether a sample of 500 cars with a mean weight of (1000 + B) Kg can be considered as a reasonable sample from a larger population of cars with a mean weight of 1500 Kg and a standard deviation of 130 Kg.

The test is to be conducted at a 5% level of significance. To determine if the sample can be regarded as representative of the larger population, a hypothesis test can be performed. The null hypothesis (H0) would state that the sample mean is equal to the population mean (μ = 1500 Kg), while the alternative hypothesis (H1) would state that the sample mean is not equal to the population mean (μ ≠ 1500 Kg). Using the given information about the sample mean, the sample size (500), the population mean (1500), and the population standard deviation (130), a test statistic can be calculated. The test statistic is typically the Z-score, which is calculated as (sample mean - population mean) / (population standard deviation / √sample size).

The calculated test statistic can then be compared to the critical value from the Z-table or using statistical software. Since the test is to be conducted at a 5% level of significance, the critical value would be chosen based on a two-tailed test with an alpha level of 0.05.

If the calculated test statistic falls within the range of the critical values, we would fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the sample can be reasonably regarded as a representative sample from the larger population. If the calculated test statistic falls outside the range of the critical values, we would reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the sample is not representative of the larger population.

Performing the specific calculations requires substituting the values of B and the given information into the formulas and consulting the Z-table or using statistical software to obtain the test statistic and critical values.

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(a) The parametric equations of the line segment from (0, 12) to (5, 3, 4) are:

x(t) = 5t

y(t) = 12 - 9t

z(t) = 4t

To determine the parametric equations of a line segment from (0, 12) to (5, 3, 4), we can define the position vector as a function of a parameter t. Let's call the position vector r(t) = (x(t), y(t), z(t)).

First, we find the differences in the x, y, and z coordinates between the two points:

Δx = 5 - 0 = 5

Δy = 3 - 12 = -9

Δz = 4 - 0 = 4

Next, we can express the parametric equations using these differences and the parameter t:

x(t) = 0 + Δx * t = 5t

y(t) = 12 + Δy * t = 12 - 9t

z(t) = 0 + Δz * t = 4t

Therefore, the parametric equations are:

x(t) = 5t

y(t) = 12 - 9t

z(t) = 4t

(b) To compute the work done by the force P(x, y) = (x² - y) - x on an insect as it moves along a circle with radius 2, we need to integrate the dot product of the force vector and the displacement vector along the circular path.

The equation of the circle with radius 2 can be parameterized as:

x = 2cos(t)

y = 2sin(t)

The displacement vector dr can be obtained by taking the derivative of the position vector:

dr = (dx/dt, dy/dt) dt

= (-2sin(t), 2cos(t)) dt

The force vector F = P(x, y) = ((x² - y) - x, 0) = (x² - y - x, 0)

The work done W is given by the integral of the dot product of F and dr along the circular path:

W = ∫ F · dr

= ∫ (x² - y - x)(-2sin(t), 2cos(t)) dt

= ∫ (-2x²sin(t) + 2ysin(t) + 2xsin(t) - 2ycos(t)) dt

Substituting the parameterized values for x and y:

W = ∫ (-2(2cos(t))²sin(t) + 2(2sin(t))sin(t) + 2(2cos(t))sin(t) - 2(2sin(t))cos(t)) dt

W = ∫ (-8cos²(t)sin(t) + 8sin²(t) + 8cos(t)sin(t) - 8sin(t)cos(t)) dt

Simplifying the integral:

W = ∫ (8sin²(t) - 8cos²(t)) dt

W = 8 ∫ (sin²(t) - cos²(t)) dt

Using the trigonometric identity sin²(t) - cos²(t) = -cos(2t):

W = -8 ∫ cos(2t) dt

W = -8 * (1/2)sin(2t) + C

W = -4sin(2t) + C

Therefore, the work done by the force P(x, y) = (x² - y) - x on the insect as it moves along the circle with radius 2 is given by -4sin(2t) + C, where C is the constant of integration.

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If biology lab has a collection of both native and invasive snails, the probability a snail is native is 60%, the probability that an invasive snail lives to adulthood is 75%, and the probability a snail lives to adulthood is 65%, then the probability that a snail is invasive and reaches adulthood is 30%, the probability that a snail reaches adulthood if it is native is 39% and the probability that a snail does not reach adulthood if it is invasive is 25%

(a) To find the probability a snail is invasive and reaches adulthood follow these steps:

b) To find the probability a snail reaches adulthood if it is native can be calculated as follows:

(c) To find the probability a snail does not reach adulthood if it is invasive, follow these steps:

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Here answer is true that is, a standard normal distribution always has a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 1.

The statement is true. A standard normal distribution, also known as the Z-distribution or the standard Gaussian distribution, is a specific form of the normal distribution. It is characterized by a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 1.

The mean represents the central tendency of the distribution, while the standard deviation measures the spread or variability of the data. In a standard normal distribution, the data points are symmetrically distributed around the mean, with 68% of the data falling within one standard deviation of the mean, 95% falling within two standard deviations, and 99.7% falling within three standard deviations.

This standardized form of the normal distribution is widely used in statistical analysis and hypothesis testing, and it serves as a reference distribution for various statistical techniques. By standardizing data to the standard normal distribution, researchers can compare and analyze data from different sources or populations.

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The equation we need to solve is [tex]2cos3x = cos(x)[/tex] in the interval [0°, 360°). The option (B) x = 45°, 90°, 135°, 225°, 270°, 315⁰ is not correct since it includes angles outside the interval [0°, 360°).

Step-by-Step Answer:

We need to solve the given equation in the interval [0°, 360°) as follows; First, we need to get all trigonometric functions to have the same angle. Therefore, we can change 2cos3x into 4cos² 3x − 2

Now the equation becomes:4cos² 3x − 2 = cos x

Rearranging and setting the equation to 0 gives: 4cos³ 3x − cos x − 2 = 0Now we need to find the roots of this cubic equation that are within the specified interval. However, finding the roots of a cubic equation can be difficult. Instead, we can use the substitution method. Let’s substitute u = cos 3x. Then the equation becomes: 4u³ − u − 2 = 0Factorizing this gives:(u − 1)(4u² + 4u + 2) = 0 The second factor of this equation has no real roots. Therefore, we can focus on the first factor:

u − 1 = 0 which gives us

u = 1.

Substituting u = cos 3x gives:

cos 3x = 1

Taking the inverse cosine of both sides gives: 3x = 0 + 360n, where

n = 0, ±1, ±2, …Solving for x gives:

x = 0°, 120°, 240°.

Therefore, the solution for the equation 2cos3x = cos(x) in the interval [0°, 360°) is x = 0°, 120°, 240°.

The option (B) x = 45°, 90°, 135°, 225°, 270°, 315⁰ is not correct since it includes angles outside the interval [0°, 360°).

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To determine the diagonalization of the given matrix A we first need to compute its eigenvalues. Let λ be the eigenvalue of A and v be the corresponding eigenvector. We have[tex](A-λI)[/tex] v = 0where I is the identity matrix of order 2. Thus[tex](A-λI) = 0[/tex]

[tex]⇒ (1-λ) (1+ε) - 10[/tex]

= 0

We get two distinct eigenvalues: [tex]λ1 = 1+ε[/tex] and

[tex]λ2 = 1.[/tex]

So, the matrix A is diagonalizable for all ε ∈ R.

Step by step answer:

(a) To check the diagonalizability of the given matrix, we need to compute its eigenvalues. If a (2x2)-matrix has two distinct eigenvalues, it is diagonalizable if this is not the case, one has to check that the geometric and algebraic multiplicities of each eigenvalue meet.

[tex]A= 1 1 10 1+εdet(A-λI)[/tex]

= 0

[tex]⇒ (1-λ) (1+ε) - 10[/tex]

= 0

Eigenvalues [tex](A-λ1I) v = 0.A-λ1I[/tex]

λ2 = 1.

Also, find the eigenvectors corresponding to each eigenvalue. So, we get two distinct eigenvalues. Now, let us check whether the geometric multiplicity and algebraic multiplicity of each eigenvalue are the same. Geometric multiplicity is the dimension of the eigenspace corresponding to each eigenvalue. Algebraic multiplicity is the number of times an eigenvalue appears as a root of the characteristic equation.

To find the geometric multiplicity of the eigenvalue λ1, we solve the equation [tex](A-λ1I) v = 0.A-λ1I[/tex]

[tex]= (1+ε-λ1) 1 1 10-λ1v[/tex]

= 0

[tex]⇒ ε 1 1 0v1 + (1+ε-λ1) v2[/tex]

[tex]= 0 1 0v1 + ε v2[/tex]

= 0

So, we have a system of linear equations, which is equivalent to the matrix equation: AV = VD where A is the matrix whose diagonalization is to be determined, V is the invertible matrix and D is the diagonal matrix. The entries of V are the eigenvectors of A, and the diagonal entries of D are the corresponding eigenvalues. Now we proceed as follows:(b) Let A be diagonalizable and V be the matrix whose columns are the corresponding eigenvectors of A. Scale the columns of V such that the first row of V is [1 1]. Then A can be written as A = VDV-1, where D is the diagonal matrix whose diagonal entries are the eigenvalues of A.

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The solution is x = 1, y = -15/4, and z = 1/1 or (1, -15/4, 1).

To solve the following system of equations using row operations on an augmented matrix:

[tex]x + y - z = -8- x + 3y - 3z = -24= - 315x + 2y - 5z[/tex]

The augmented matrix for the given system is shown below:

[tex]\[\begin{bmatrix}1&1&-1&-8\\-1&3&-3&-24\\5&2&-5&-31\end{bmatrix}\][/tex]

To solve the system, we perform the following row operations:

Add R1 to R2 to get a new R2:

[tex]\[\begin{bmatrix}1&1&-1&-8\\0&4&-4&-16\\5&2&-5&-31\end{bmatrix}\][/tex]

Subtract 5R1 from R3 to get a new R3:  

[tex]\[\begin{bmatrix}1&1&-1&-8\\0&4&-4&-16\\0&-3&0&9\end{bmatrix}\][/tex]

Add (3/4)R2 to R3 to get a new R3:

[tex]\[\begin{bmatrix}1&1&-1&-8\\0&4&-4&-16\\0&0&-3&-3\end{bmatrix}\][/tex]

Multiply R3 by -1/3 to get a new R3:

[tex]\[\begin{bmatrix}1&1&-1&-8\\0&4&-4&-16\\0&0&1&1\end{bmatrix}\][/tex]

Add R3 to R1 to get a new R1:

[tex]\[\begin{bmatrix}1&1&0&-7\\0&4&-4&-16\\0&0&1&1\end{bmatrix}\][/tex]

Subtract R3 from R2 to get a new R2:  

[tex]\[\begin{bmatrix}1&1&0&-7\\0&4&0&-15\\0&0&1&1\end{bmatrix}\][/tex]

Subtract R2 from 4R1 to get a new R1:

[tex]\[\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0&1\\0&4&0&-15\\0&0&1&1\end{bmatrix}\][/tex]

Therefore, the solution is x = 1, y = -15/4, and z = 1/1 or (1, -15/4, 1).

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To evaluate the integral ∫(2x² - 7x + 3)/(x - 1) dx, we can use partial fraction decomposition to split the rational function into simpler fractions. Then we can integrate each term separately.

First, let's factor the numerator:

2x² - 7x + 3 = (2x - 1)(x - 3).

Now, we can decompose the rational function into partial fractions:

(2x² - 7x + 3)/(x - 1) = A/(x - 1) + B/(2x - 1).

To find the values of A and B, we can multiply both sides of the equation by the denominator (x - 1)(2x - 1) and equate the numerators:

2x² - 7x + 3 = A(2x - 1) + B(x - 1).

Expanding and collecting like terms, we have:

2x² - 7x + 3 = (2A + B)x + (-A - B).

By comparing the coefficients of the powers of x on both sides, we get the following system of equations:

2A + B = 2,

-A - B = 3.

Solving this system of equations, we find A = -1 and B = 3.

Now, we can rewrite the integral using the partial fractions:

∫(2x² - 7x + 3)/(x - 1) dx = ∫(-1)/(x - 1) dx + ∫3/(2x - 1) dx.

Integrating each term separately, we get:

∫(-1)/(x - 1) dx = -ln|x - 1| + C₁,

∫3/(2x - 1) dx = 3/2 ln|2x - 1| + C₂.

Therefore, the integral can be written as:

∫(2x² - 7x + 3)/(x - 1) dx = -ln|x - 1| + 3/2 ln|2x - 1| + C,

where C = C₁ + C₂ is the constant of integration.

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Among the given surfaces ,only S₁ = {(x, y, z) ∈ ℝ³ | x + y + z = 1} is bounded.

To find the minimum and maximum values of the function a(x, y) = x²y subject to the constraint x² + y = 1, we can use the method of Lagrange multipliers. Let's define the Lagrangian function L(x, y, λ) = x²y + λ(x² + y - 1), where λ is the Lagrange multiplier.

Taking the partial derivatives of L with respect to x, y, and λ and setting them equal to zero, we get:

∂L/∂x = 2xy + 2λx = 0

∂L/∂y = x² + λ = 0

∂L/∂λ = x² + y - 1 = 0

From the second equation, we find that λ = -x². Substituting this into the first equation, we have 2xy - 2x³ = 0, which simplifies to xy - x³ = 0. This equation implies that either x = 0 or y - x² = 0.

Case 1: x = 0

Substituting x = 0 into the constraint equation x² + y = 1, we find y = 1. Thus, we have a critical point at (0, 1) with a value of a(0, 1) = 0.

Case 2: y - x² = 0

Substituting y = x² into the constraint equation x² + y = 1, we get 2x² = 1, which leads to x = ±1/√2. Plugging these values of x into the equation y = x², we find y = 1/2. Therefore, we have two critical points: (1/√2, 1/2) and (-1/√2, 1/2), both with a value of a(1/√2, 1/2) = 1/2.

Now, we need to check the endpoints of the constraint, which are (-1, 0) and (1, 0). At these points, a(x, y) = x²y = 0. Comparing this value with the critical points, we see that a(1/√2, 1/2) = 1/2 is the maximum value, and a(-1/√2, 1/2) = -1/2 is the minimum value.

In summary, the function a(x, y) = x²y subject to the constraint x² + y = 1 has a minimum value of -1/2 and a maximum value of 1/2. The minimum value is achieved at the points (1, -1/2) and (-1, -1/2), while the maximum value is achieved at the points (1, 1/2) and (-1, 1/2).

Moving on to the given surfaces, we need to determine which ones are bounded. The surface S₁ = {(x, y, z) ∈ ℝ³ | x + y + z = 1} is a plane. Since the equation x + y + z = 1 represents a flat plane, it is bounded. We can visualize it as a finite region in three-dimensional space.

On the other hand, S₂ = {(x, y, z) ∈ ℝ³ | x² + y² + 2z² = 4} represents an elliptic paraboloid. This surface extends infinitely in the z-direction, meaning it is unbounded. As z approaches positive or negative infinity, the surface continues indefinitely.

Lastly, S₃ = {(x, y, z) ∈ ℝ³ | x² + y² - 22² = 4} represents a hyperboloid of two sheets. Similarly to S₂, this surface also extends infinitely in the z-direction and is unbounded.

In conclusion, among the given surfaces, only S₁ = {(x, y, z) ∈ ℝ³ | x + y + z = 1} is bounded.

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The probability of the complementary event is 0.492. Option a is correct.

The probability of the complementary event, denoted as P(A'), is equal to 1 minus the probability of event A.

P(A') = 1 - P(A)

In this case, we are given that P(A) = 0.508. To find the probability of the complementary event, we subtract the probability of event A from 1. Therefore, we can calculate the probability of the complementary event as:

P(A') = 1 - 0.508 = 0.492

Therefore, the probability of the complementary event is calculated as 1 - 0.508 = 0.492.

Hence, the correct answer is A. 0.492.

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The two ways of viewing region R are given by:

(i) type I region as ſſR√x 5 dydx = 10/3 R^(3/2)

(ii) type II region as ſſ0R x 5 dxdy = 10/3 R^(3/2).

Part (a) Sketch of the region:Given that R is the region bounded by

y= √x and x = R.

This is a quarter of the circle with radius R and origin as (0,0).

Therefore, it is a type I region that is bounded by the line x=0 and the arc of the circle. Its sketch is shown below.

Part (b) Set up the iterated integrals:

Since it is a type I region, we have to integrate with respect to x first, then y. Hence, we can express the limits of integration as follows:

ſſ5dA = ſſR√x 5 dydx

where x varies from 0 to R and y varies from 0 to √x.

Using the above limits, we have:

ſſR√x 5 dydx = ſR0 (ſ√x0 5 dy)dx

= ſR0 5(√x)dx

Integrating the above with respect to x:

ſR0 5(√x)dx = 5[2/3 x^(3/2)]_0^R

= 10/3 R^(3/2).

Therefore,

ſſ5dA = 10/3 R^(3/2).

Hence, the two ways of viewing region R are given by:

(i) type I region as ſſR√x 5 dydx = 10/3 R^(3/2)

(ii) type II region as ſſ0R x 5 dxdy = 10/3 R^(3/2).

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